The Mexican Wolf Reintroduction
Project
Understanding Diverse Viewpoints
Introduction
The Issue at Hand
The Mexican wolf used once roamed
throughout the Southwestern United States and Mexico. However, due
to an eradication plan supported up by the United States Biological
Survey in the early 1900's, the Mexican wolf was completely eliminated
from the United States. Only about 25 remained within Mexico (Brown).
With the passing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973, the remaining
Mexican wolves were captured and placed in captive breeding sites throughout
the nation, with the intention of reintroducing them into the wild.
In the meantime, the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted extensive
research in preparation for the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
that was required for this reintroduction program under the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA)
. The Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) was made available
to the public in November
1996. This document includes locations and
desired numbers of wolves for each reintroduction site. It defined habitat
distributions, management protocols and alternatives, and the ecological
assessment, describing the feasibility ofdifferent reinroduction sites
to sustain wolf populations. A major portion of the FEIS is devoted to
the effects the wolf will have on its surroundings, including the communities
of ranchers and Native Americans that utilize the land adjacent to
the the proposed reintroduction areas, located in the Apache and Gila
National Forests ("Reintroduction").
In 1998, with the support of Arizona and New
Mexico Game and Fish, and the help of leading wolf biologists, USFWS
released 11 Mexican wolves into the Apache National Forest in Arizona.
Since that time, USFWS has faced many difficulties, including devising
a management plan that was both politically and economically feasible.
The largest difficulty has been in appeasing the different stakeholders
involved and affected by the project. Some groups, like the ranchers
and Native American tribal members found in the areas surrounding the
introductions sites, have openly opposed the reintroduction. Other difficulties
have come from environmentalists, who have heavily criticized the management
protocols and have pushed for a more accessible public information
forum. Meanwhile the State Governments of Arizona and New Mexico have also
filed mixed reviews. As recently as March 29, 2002, New Mexico was threatening
to pull out of the project alltogether, and to permanently close the
gates of the Gila National Forest to the Mexican wolves ("New Mexico").
Under the Mexican wolf FEIS, the objective
of the USFWS is to establish establish a wild population of 100
individuals by 2005 within a 5,000 square mile recovery area, while
keeping 240 individuals in captivity to be used in maintaining genetic
viability ("Reintroduction," 1-1). However, despite the fact that the FEIS
focuses on the wolves, it often seems as if the federal government is more
concerned with meeting the desires of all the people affected than
to meeting the goals set up for the project. In the 21st century, with
a human population of over 6 billion, pristine areas no longer exist, for
all areas of the Earth are now somehow impacted either by human action or
by human thought (Allenby). Therefore, to truly be an effective manager
of any pristine area (or wildlife, in this case), it is important to
understand the human components that are involved in the management protocols.
The viability of the Mexican wolf population depends not only on the effectivenes
of the USFWS to execute a federal law; it also depends on the open-mindedness
of the people who live around the reintroduction area. These individuals
may feel that the security and control within their land is now threatened
by the return of an animal that they, or their ancestors, had helped to
eradicate.
In order to correctly manage the wolf within this human
sphere, we must understand the relationship between humans and the wolf.
In order to understand how to most effectively manage the Mexican wolf,
it is imperative to understand the thinking and motivation of the federal
government, the environmentalists, the ranchers and the Apache tribes.
The federal government has legal jurisdiction over the issue. The environmentalists
are the most passionate about the issue. The ranchers and Apache, local
citizens of the areas juxtaposing the reintroduction sites, are most
directly affected by the wolves, for it is these two groups who will have
most interaction with the wolves.
Brief History

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